Dr. Zohreh Parsa
Neutrino Physics; CPV and LBNE
that she started in 1998, has been
fundamental high priority mega science project
for over a decade
Dr. William
Marciano Neutrino Physics; Awarded J. J. Sakurai Prize for Theoretical
Particle Physics (2002)
Dr.
Nicholas Samios Early measurements of neutrino electron
elastic scattering etc.; Awarded Gian Carlo
Wick Gold Medal (2009)
Dr. Raymond Davis Awarded 2002 Physics Nobel Prize for detecting Solar Neutrinos!
Dr. Maurice Goldhaber
Experiment, revealed ν's
to be left-handed, property known as "spin"
Awarded National Medal of Science.
Dr.
Melvin Schwartz
Awarded Nobel Prize for
Discovery of the Muon-Neutrino (1988).
Neutrino Physics & Experiment
1. Past History
Neutrino physics has had an interesting history. In 1930 Dr.
Pauli postulated the existence of the (electron) neutrino, in
1956 this was confirmed by Drs.
Reines and Cowan using a nuclear
reactor source of antineutrinos. In 1962, a second
distinct (muon) neutrino was shown to exist in a BNL experiment. For
that discovery Nobel Prize was awarded to Drs.
Lederman,
Schwartz and Steinberger. In 1995, the third, (tau) neutrino was
detected at FNAL. In parallel, Dr. Ray Davis' studies of solar
neutrinos confirmed understanding of stellar dynamics modulo
a 2/3 flux deficit that later was recognized as a result of
ν oscillations among the three flavors of neutrinos.
Properties of those oscillations were further unveiled with
followup solar, atmospheric, reactor and accelerator neutrino
studies. The discovery of oscillations, detection of
19 neutrino events from supernova 1987a by the old IMB and
Kamiokande water cherenkov detectors confirmed the theory of
supernova explosions. The WMAP experiment has started to see
imprints of neutrino mass effects on cosmic microwave
back ground radiation left from the Big Bang.
2. Introduction
In 1998 Dr. Zohreh
Parsa started the Neutrino CP Violation studies, extra
Long Baseline (L, 2000 km < L < 4000
km) Neutrino (LBN) oscillation Physics and Experiment (LBNE)
that envisioned sending a very intense neutrino
(ν) beam (e.g., from Brookhaven National Laboratory on Long Island,
New York), through the earth to a far away underground multipurpose
large detector capable of making precision measurements of all the (ν)
neutrino oscillation parameters, Proton decay and observation of
natural sources of neutrinos such as supernova, providing a major
advances in neutrino science. The key to this approach is (extra
long) very long distance L. Length of the Baseline defines the physics
you can do, once chosen, can not be changed without establishing a new
facility.
Extra Long Base lines provide possibility of observing multiple nodes of the
Neutrino oscillation probability in appearance and disappearance
experiments.
By measuring muon neutrino disappearance and electron neutrino
appearance, such a project would be capable of determining all 3
generation mixing angles, mass hierarchy, along with magnitude of the
CP violation (e.g., by measuring CKM phase and explicitly observing
differences in the muon neutrino and muon anti-neutrino
oscillations). No existing experiment so far has such capability.
E.g., Neutrinos emitted in the first few seconds of a core-collapse
supernova, would have insight into evolution of the universe. LBNE
(very Long Baseline Neutrino Experiment), would be capable of
measuring, (collecting and analyzing), the high-statistics neutrino
signals from a supernova in our galaxy; provide information on the
inside of the newly-formed neutron star; allowing possible observation
of black hole creation.
"Very" or "Extra" Long Baseline terms has been used, to distinct our
very Long Baseline (L) from other existing/ or
proposed experiments that use the term "Long Baseline Neutrino
Experiment (LBNE)" but have a short baseline, (e.g. Japan's Super-k
Detector with baseline of less than 300 km, etc). In existing
experiments, Detector(s) were placed
at the first node of oscillations (with short baseline). But with
extra long baseline LBNE, Detector(s) can be placed e.g. at the 2nd or
third nodes of oscillations, that would allow the CP violation
measurement in addition to the mixing angles, etc. In some of our earlier
simulation(s), L (lower bound) was reduced from 2000 km to 1300 km to
correspond to baseline of FNAL to Homestake.
[Neutrinos — are neutral particles that rarely interact with
matter. Over trillion neutrinos pass through
your bodies per second without leaving a trace. These tiny particles
are able to oscillate, and change from one type of neutrino to
another, when studied at LBNE could provide a deeper understanding
of our universe].
3. LBNE (very Long Baseline Neutrino Experiment)
with Neutrino Source at BNL
Using a wide band muon neutrino beam from BNL to an
underground (e.g., 0.5 megaton water Cherenkov) detector at Homestake gold Mine in
South Dakota was one of our first study for "very Long Baseline
Neutrino Experiment" (LBNE). Interest in
LBNE with neutrino source at BNL to a far away (L=2540 km), underground Detector at Homestake,
grew. Dr. A. Mann (U.Penn.) was one of the 1st to ask Dr. Parsa, (with
his calls and in person), for her results for sending neutrinos (neutrino beam)
from BNL (AGS) to the underground detector(s) in Homestake Gold Mine. He and
others became increasingly interested. They worked
hard to get fundings for water removal from the Mine, and later for
Processing the Mine to a National Underground Science Lab ("NUSL";
"DUSEL" etc.). Examples of earlier simulations are
given below in Fig.1 and Fig.2.
|"Reload"| your
Browser for more Figs. or if blank.
Fig.1 (Top Fig): Variation of parameters,
e.g. variation of L (Baseline)
distance from ν source to the detector, in Probability vs Energy
plots. Fig.2 (Lower Fig): CP Phase Variations, in
Probability vs Energy plots.
This page include part of Dr. Parsa's
collaborative work.
In addition to Dr. Parsa, later Drs. Marciano,
and at Snowmass meeting (experimentalists) K. McDonald, S. Kahn, and
others joined the proposed (Extra) Very "Long Baseline Neutrino
Experiment" (LBNE), that could search for CP violation in the lepton
sector and precision studies of the neutrino mixing matrix and
more. Years later, a BNL associate director (at that time) formed
a group to look into AGS, neutrino source at BNL etc... With time the LBNE
Collaboration expanded to an international collaboration
and LBNE to a mega-science project.
Fig.3: Sketch of the 3-dimensional view of BNL neutrino
beamline (shielding and decay tunnel are not shown here).
Fig. 4: Schematic of the BNL-AGS RHIC facility and
location of the beam line for sending neutrino beam to Homestake mine in
South Dakota and any detector in Western Direction. For more info e.g.,
|click Here | .
Potentials of intense neutrino beams from BNL and FNAL to (Long Baseline)
underground Detectors at Homestake, SD; Henderson, CO; Cascades,
WA; etc., were also investigated and studied as competition for Deep
Underground Science and Engineering Laboratory Site
increased. Later Homestake, S.D. was selected.
Fig. 5: Shows BNL, FNAL and 3 last possible DUSEL
Detector Sites, Homestake (SD),Henderson (CO), and
Cascades (WA).
Fig. 6: Drs. Z. Parsa, W. Marciano and R. Wilson in Henderson
(Molybdenum Mine), a proposed Underground Lab site in Co.
Fig. 7: Some of BNL LBNE Collaboration members (2014). Front row, L.
to R.: Y. Li, Z. Parsa, C. Zhang,
P. Novakova, M. Bishai,
M. Diwan, 2nd row (Left to Right): W. J. Marciano, Jim Stewart,
M. Worcester, D. Barci, D. Kerr,
3rd row (Left to Right): R. Hackenburg, B. Yu,
D. Adams, M. Potekhin, S. Kettell, J. Dolph.
Interest for LBNE in U.S. with neutrino source at BNL to a far Detector
(L=2540 km, underground at Homestake, S.D), grew to fundamental
high priority international mega-science project for over a decade, as
"LBNE Collaboration" continued to expand. According to BNL Director at the
time, BNL received funding from DOE to start the LBNE with Source at
BNL, but (P. Paul said) he "had to return the money back to DOE" due to
conflict of AGS chair (retired) who wanted more funding...
Fig. 8: Super-Kamiokande 50-kiloton water Cherenkov detector,
3300 feet underground filled with water with photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) on its walls.
Following sections include a brief chronology of LBNE Reconfiguration
with Neutrino Source at FNAL, (The Deep Underground Neutrino
Experiment) DUNE/LBNF development(s) etc.
"Left Tabs" provides more on LBNE
and for beam to Detector at SURF (DUNE/LBNE); also on Reactor Experiment; Solar Neutrino Experiment; etc.
4. LBNE Reconfiguration
In 2012 , the
Fermilab (FNAL) proposed for LBNE with source at
FNAL. Phase I (CD-1) was approved by
DOE which included construction of a Neutrino beamline
at FNAL, where the Neutrino beam would travel through
earth to a far detector at Sanford Lab in
Lead, S.D.
|Click Here|. For Brookhaven National Laboratory, DOE's approval of CD-1 was an
important milestone after over decade of LBNE work at BNL.
Using a high intensity
accelerator neutrino beam
from FNAL to a, (L=1287.475 km or about 800 miles
baseline), liquid Argon TPC detector at SURF
(Homestake), is the LBNE reconfiguration.
This program goals, (are the BNL LBNE physics
goals that started over a decade earlier), include
Determination of leptonic CP violation, v
mass hierarchy, underground physics, etc. LBNE with
source at FNAL later was renamed: Deep Underground Neutrino
Experiment (DUNE) and LBNE Collaboration became DUNE Collaboration,
(see e.g., Left-Tab 15-21).
Fig. 9: DUNE (previously LBNE) Collaboration members from
BNL (May 2014): Front row (L to R):Y. Li, Z. Parsa, M. Diwan, P. Novakova,
D. Jaffe, R. Sharma, C. Zhang, N. Samios; Back row (L to R):
M. Creutz, X. Qian, B. Viren, W. J. Marciano, R. Hackenburg, B. Yu, D. Adams, L. Bignell, E. Worcester, M. Bishai, S. Kettell, M. Potekhin.
Fig. 10: March 4, 2015 Neutrino Workshop Participants at
Brookhaven. For Larger version of this photo.|Click Here|
Fig. 11: Schematic od Long-Baseline Neutrino Experiment
with source at FNAL to 800 miles (baseline) decade.
5. DUNE/ LBNF
The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) expected to use the most intense
neutrino beam and a larg detector to study neutrino (v) the most
abundant matter particles in the universe. Scientists continue
working to discover the missing pieces that could explain e.g., how the known particles
and forces created in our universe; discover if neutrino is the
reason our matter-filled universe exists, to check formation of
black hole in a nearby galaxy; proton decay, etc.
The full-size DUNE Detector, expected to be built about a mile
underground at the Sanford Research Facility (in homestake, South
Dakota). Detectors record particle tracks emerging from
rare neutrino collisions with (massive target material) atoms. For
more on Detectors
|click Here|.
For the 35-Ton Prototype Detector for DUNE YouTube, click
|Here|
May 22, 2014 - P5 Report recommended new international LBNF (Long Baseline Neutrino Facility), with FNAL as the host Lab. See
e.g. Tab 15
a)LBNF/ DUNE info.
Fig. 13: DUNE International Collaboration.(For
"DUNE-Who are we" click
|Here|.)
March 2015 -- LBNE (Long Baseline Neutrino Experiment) changed
to ELBNF (Experiment at Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility). ELBNF/DUNE new
Spokespersons |Andre Rubbia & Mark Thomson| thanked ELBNF/DUNE* collaboration.
January 2016 - December 2016 and January 2017 - December 2017 |Click Here|
Fig. 14: DUNE Collaboration at CERN,
with US & International members, Jan 2017.
Fig. 15: (Left to Right) DUNE Spokespersons, Ed
Blucher (U Chicago) & M. Thomson (UK); Technical Coordinator: E.James;
& International Project Manager S.Kettell, BNL
Fig. 16: May 2017--DUNE Collaboration at FNAL(larger version
|Here|); Talks Here
Fig. 17: July 21, 2017 LBNF Groundbreaking |Here|--one mile beneath Lead, South Dakota, construction began as part of LBNF.
Excavating Crews will excavate four massive caverns that will house
DUNE .
View YouTube
|LBNF Groundbreaking|
Jan 2018 --- "Next DUNE Collaboration meeting", will be posted on |Indico|.
Jan 29 - Feb 2, 2018 --- Neutrino Platform Week, see
List;
e.g.
DUNE:Physics...
March 1, 2018 - New DUNE Co-Spokesperson Prof. Stefan
Söldner-Rembold |Here|
Univ.of Manchester and Co-Spokeperson Prof. Ed Blucher, Univ. of
Chicago |Here|.
Fig. 18: (Left) Prof. Stefan
Söldner-Rembold,; (Middle) Prof. Ed Blucher,
(Right) Prof. R. Wilson, DUNE I. B. Chair (re-elected 2 additional yrs) .
March 20 - 22, 2018 --- "DOE Project Review of LBNF - DUNE" at FNAL;
|Here|
Apr 20, 2018 — For Dune Collaboration talks click |Here|.
May 15-18, 2018 — DUNE Collaboration meeting |Click Here|
Fig. 19: May 2018--DUNE Collaboration at FNAL
June 4–9, 2018 --For Neutrino 2018 in Heidelberg |Here|
July 4-11, 2018 -- Seoul |ICHEP|
and |Status of
single&dual phase DUNE proto..|
August 14, 2018 -- |Postdoc Postion at MSU|
and |Faculty/Academic Staff|.
Fig. 21: DUNE Collaboration at CERN |Click Here| For Larger version.
April 17, 2019 Bob Wilson (Fig 6 & |Here|), re-elected IB Chair for 2 more years.
May 20 - 24, 2019 -- The 13th DUNE Collaboration Meeting -
FNAL According to DUNE spokeperson Collaboration now has
1069 collaborators, from 177 institutions, in 31 countries, (578 faculty, 184 postdocs, 109 engineers, 198 PhD students).
From: "Armenia (3), Brazil (31), Canada (1), CERN (37), Chile (3),
China (2), Colombia (8), Czech Republic (11), Spain (35), Finland (4),
France (38), Greece (5), India (44), Iran (2), Italy (66), Japan (7),
Madagascar (4), Mexico (10), The Netherlands (6), Paraguay (4), Peru (7), Poland (6), Portugal (6), Romania (7), Russia (10), South Korea (5), Sweden (1), Switzerland (30), UK (146), Ukraine (4), USA (528)".
Fig. 22: 13th DUNE Collaboration Meeting at FNAL |Click Here|
For Larger version.
For DUNE collaboration Meetings need to input access code (passwd):
November 11, 2019 — Chris
Mossey the Deputy Director for the LBNF (Long Baseline Neutrino
Facility) was elected to National Academy of Construction.
November 12-13, 2019 -- Module of Opportunity for DUNE Workshop - BNL *For Registered Participants at Brookhaven Module of Opportunity for DUNE |Click Here|.
The Local and International Organizing Committees for this Workshop
included members from Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL): Steve
Kettell, Xin Qian, Jim Stewart, Hanyu Wei, Elizabeth Worcester, Bo Yu.
* The Collaboration invited the broader particle physics community
to participate and explore opportunities for novel detector
technologies.
Fig. 24:LBNF Near-Site Groundbreaking
started site preparation for Illinois portion.
November 14, 2019 -- Over the next few years
Fermilab is to build a new beamline for its accelerator complex to
direct the neutrino particles toward an underground cavern on the
Fermilab site to house a multi-component particle detector, and to the DUNE
detector (1300 Km away) in South Dakota. |Click Here|
Without neutrinos from Fermilab and with DUNE detector(s) in place, only a
long baseline neutrino beam e.g. from BNL (with AGS upgrade after few years) directed to South Dokota
allow scientists to investigate the neutrinos and their role in the
evolution of our universe: e.g., the neutrinos interactions as they
travel long distances; the differences between neutrinos and their
antimatter which can provide clues why we are made of matter not
antimatter; the neutrinos produced when a star explodes could reveal
the formation of neutron stars and black holes; and protons lifetime
(wether they live forever or eventually decay).
December 9–13, 2019 -- MicroBooNE
Analysis Retreat, Hosted at Brookhaven National Laboratory for "collaboration to work towards bringing MicroBooNE’s signature result (low-energy excess) and other physics results to public" in 2020.
Fig. 25: Extracting Signals of Elusive Particles from Giant Chambers
Filled with Liquefied Argon are Brookhaven (Front Row L to R): Veljko
Redeka, Xin Quian, Hucheng Chen (Back Row L to R): Brian Kirby,
Wenquang Gu, Hanyu Wei, Chao Zhang, Mary Bishai, Yichen Li, Brook
Russel (student), Brett Viren, Xiangpan Ji...
Fig. 26: January 23-24, 2020 Daresbury APA Factory
Workshop participants, in
Feruary 7, 2020 -- The four volumes of the DUNE
TDR by DUNE Collaboration have been published on the arXiv;
going to be submitted to JINST (according to S.S. Rembold). Also are available on (Left) Tab 24; or
click on: |Volume One|
Introduction to DUNE; |Volume Two| DUNE Physics;
|Volume Three| DUNE Far Detector Technical Coordination;
|Volume Four| DUNE Far Detector Single-phase Technology.
March 3, 2020 Stefan Soldner-Rembold, re-elected as DUNE Co-Spokesperson.
March 4−6, 2020 Long Baseline Neutrino Committee
(LBNC) Review at FNAL.
March 10−11, 2020 A TPC Electronics warm interface board (WIB) and overall system PDR will be held at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL).
April 2−3, 2020 A Resource Review Board (RRB) meeting will be held at FNAL .
April 28 – May 1, 2020 FNAL Director’s Review of LBNF & DUNE project.
May 7-8, 2020 Calibration & cryogenic instrumentation (CALCI)
workshop, CERN.
BNL Neutrino page "https://neutrino.bnl.gov" (alias
https://Neutrinos.bnl.gov) has been updated: 1999-2020, Dr. Zohreh Parsa, Physics Dept.Building 510A
Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton NY 11973, USA. |Tel:631 344-2085| |About||E-Mail Q.||Assist||Privacy &
Security|
Fig. 26: January 23-24, 2020 Daresbury APA Factory
Workshop participants, in 
