Neutrino Physics & Experiment
1. Past History
Neutrino physics has had an interesting history. In 1930 Dr.
Pauli postulated the existence of the (electron) neutrino, in
1956 this was confirmed by Drs.
Reines and Cowan using a nuclear
reactor source of antineutrinos. In 1962, a second
distinct (muon) neutrino was shown to exist in a BNL experiment. For
that discovery Nobel Prize was awarded to Drs.
Lederman,
Schwartz and Steinberger. In 1995, the third, (tau) neutrino was
detected at FNAL. In parallel, Dr. Ray Davis' studies of solar
neutrinos confirmed understanding of stellar dynamics modulo
a 2/3 flux deficit that later was recognized as a result of
ν oscillations among the three flavors of neutrinos.
Properties of those oscillations were further unveiled with
followup solar, atmospheric, reactor and accelerator neutrino
studies. The discovery of oscillations, detection of
19 neutrino events from supernova 1987a by the old IMB and
Kamiokande water cherenkov detectors confirmed the theory of
supernova explosions. The WMAP experiment has started to see
imprints of neutrino mass effects on cosmic microwave
back ground radiation left from the Big Bang.
2. Introduction
In 1998 Dr. Zohreh
Parsa started the Neutrino CP Violation studies, extra
Long Baseline (L, 2000 km < L < 4000
km) Neutrino (LBN) oscillation Physics and Experiment (LBNE)
that envisioned sending a very intense neutrino
(ν) beam (e.g., from Brookhaven National Laboratory on Long Island,
New York), through the earth to a far away underground multipurpose
large detector capable of making precision measurements of all the (ν)
neutrino oscillation parameters, Proton decay and observation of
natural sources of neutrinos such as supernova, providing a major
advances in neutrino science. The key to this approach is (extra
long) very long distance L. Length of the Baseline defines the physics
you can do, once chosen, can not be changed without establishing a new
facility.
Extra Long Base lines provide possibility of observing multiple nodes of the
Neutrino oscillation probability in appearance and disappearance
experiments.
By measuring muon neutrino disappearance and electron neutrino
appearance, such a project would be capable of determining all 3
generation mixing angles, mass hierarchy, along with magnitude of the
CP violation (e.g., by measuring CKM phase and explicitly observing
differences in the muon neutrino and muon anti-neutrino
oscillations). No existing experiment so far has such capability.
E.g., Neutrinos emitted in the first few seconds of a core-collapse
supernova, would have insight into evolution of the universe. LBNE
(very Long Baseline Neutrino Experiment), would be capable of
measuring (collecting and analyzing) the high-statistics neutrino
signals from a supernova in our galaxy provide information on the
inside of the newly-formed neutron star allowing possible observation
of black hole creation.
"Very" or "Extra" Long Baseline terms has been used, to distinct our
very Long Baseline (L) from other existing/ or
proposed experiments that use the term "Long Baseline Neutrino
Experiment (LBNE)" but have a short baseline, (e.g. Japan's Super-k
Detector with baseline of less than 300 km, etc). In existing
experiments, Detector(s) were placed
at the first node of oscillations (with short baseline). But with
extra long baseline LBNE, Detector(s) can be placed e.g. at the 2nd or
third nodes of oscillations, that would allow the CP violation
measurement in addition to the mixing angles, etc. In our earlier
simulation(s), L (lower bound) was reduced from 2000 km to 1300 km to
correspond to baseline of FNAL to Homestake.
[Neutrinos — are neutral particles that rarely interact with
matter. Over trillion neutrinos pass through
your bodies per second without leaving a trace. These tiny particles
are able to oscillate, have low masses compared to other elementary
particles, and change from one type of neutrino to
another, when studied at LBNE could provide a deeper understanding
of our universe].
3. LBNE (very Long Baseline Neutrino Experiment)
with Neutrino Source at BNL
Using a wide band muon neutrino beam from BNL to a 2540 km
underground (e.g., 0.5 megaton water Cherenkov) detector at Homestake gold Mine in
South Dakota was one of our first study for "very Long Baseline
Neutrino Experiment" (LBNE).
Interest in very Long Baseline Experiment (LBNE) with neutrino source
at BNL to a far away (L=2540 km), underground Detector at Homestake,
grew. Dr. A. Mann (U.Penn.) was one of the 1st to ask Dr. Parsa, (with
his calls and in person), for her results for neutrino source/beam
from BNL to the underground detector in Homestake Gold Mine. He and
others became increasingly interested. They worked
hard to get fundings for water removal from the Mine, and later for
Processing the Mine to a National Underground Science Lab ("NUSL";
"DUSEL" etc.). Examples of earlier simulations are
given below in Fig.1 and Fig.2.
|"Reload"| your
Browser for more Figs. or if blank.
Fig.1 (Top Fig): Variation of parameters, e.g. variation of L (Baseline)
distance
from ν source to the detector, in Probability vs Energy
plots.
Fig.2 (Lower Fig): CP Phase Variations, in
Probability vs Energy plots.
This page include part of Dr. Parsa's collaborative work.
In addition to Dr. Parsa, later Dr. Marciano,
and at Snowmass meeting Drs. Kahn and McDonald (Princeton) and
others joined the proposed (Extra) Very "Long Baseline Neutrino
Experiment" (LBNE), that could search for CP violation in the lepton
sector and precision studies of the neutrino mixing matrix and
more. With time LBNE Collaboration expanded and grew to an international
mega-science project.
Fig.3: Sketch of the 3-dimensional view of BNL neutrino
beamline
(shielding and decay tunnel are not shown here).
Fig. 4: Schematic of the BNL-AGS RHIC facility and
location of the
beam line for sending neutrino beam to Homestake mine in
South Dakota
and any detector in Western Direction. For more info e.g.,
|click Here | .
Potentials of intense neutrino beams from BNL and FNAL to (Long Baseline)
underground Detectors at Homestake, SD; Henderson, CO; Cascades,
WA; etc.; were also investigated and studied as competition for Deep
Underground Science and Engineering Laboratory Site
increased. Later Homestake, S.D. was selected.
Fig. 5: Shows BNL, FNAL and 3 last possible DUSEL
Detector Sites,
Homestake (SD),Henderson (CO), and
Cascades (WA).
Fig. 6: Drs. Z. Parsa, W. Marciano and R. Wilson in Henderson
(Molybdenum Mine), a proposed Underground Lab site in Co.
Fig7: Some of BNL LBNE Collaboration members (2014). Front row, L.
to R.: Y. Li, Z. Parsa, C. Zhang,
P. Novakova, M. Bishai,
M. Diwan, 2nd row (Left to Right): W. J. Marciano, Jim Stewart,
M. Worcester, D. Barci, D. Kerr,
3rd row (Left to Right): R. Hackenburg, B. Yu,
D. Adams, M. Potekhin, S. Kettell, J. Dolph.
Interest for LBNE in U.S. with neutrino source at BNL to a far Detector
(L=2540 km, underground at Homestake, S.D), grew to fundamental
high priority international mega-science project for over a decade, as
"LBNE Collaboration" continued to expand, with U.S. and
International members. According to BNL Director at the
time, BNL received funding from DOE to start the LBNE with Source at
BNL, but he (P. Paul said) had to return the money back to DOE due to
conflict of AGS chair (retired) who wanted more funding...
Fig. 8: Super-Kamiokande, 50-kiloton water Cherenkov detector, placed 3300 feet
underground, filled with water with photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) on its walls.
4. LBNE Reconfiguration
In 2012 after over a decade, the
Fermilab (FNAL) proposed for LBNE with source at FNAL. Phase I was approved by DOE which included construction of a Neutrino beamline at FNAL (where the Neutrino beam would travel
through earth to a far detector at Sanford Lab in
Lead, S.D.
|Click Here|. For Brookhaven National Laboratory DOE's approval of CD-1 was an
important milestone after over decade of LBNE work at BNL. Using a high intensity
accelerator neutrino beam
from FNAL to a (L=1287.475 km or about 800 miles
baseline) liquid Argon TPC detector at SURF
(Homestake), is the LBNE reconfiguration.
This program goals, (are BNL LBNE physics
goals started over a decade earlier), include
Determination of leptonic CP violation, v
mass hierarchy, underground physics, etc. LBNE with
source at FNAL later was renamed: Deep Underground Neutrino
Experiment (DUNE) and LBNE Collaboration became DUNE Collaboration,
(see Left-Tab 15-21).
Fig. 9: Schematic od Long-Baseline Neutrino Experiment
with source at FNAL to 800 miles (baseline) decade.
5. DUNE/ LBNF
The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) expected to use the most intense
neutrino beam and a larg detector to study neutrino (v) the most
abundant matter particles in the universe.
Scientists continue working to discover the missing pieces that could explain e.g., how the known particles
and forces created in our universe; discover if neutrino is the
reason our matter-filled universe exists, to check formation of black hole
in a nearby galaxy; proton decay, etc.
The full-size DUNE Detector, expected to be built about a mile
underground at the Sanford Research Facility (in homestake, South
Dakota). Detectors record particle tracks emerging from
rare neutrino collisions with (massive target material) atoms. For
more on Detectors
|click Here|.
For the 35-Ton Prototype Detector for DUNE YouTube, click
|Here|
Fig. 10: 35-Ton DUNE Particle Detector (Symmetry/ibid Collaboration)
May 22, 2014 - P5 Report recommended new international LBNF
(Long Baseline Neutrino Facility), with FNAL
as the host Lab, (see Left Tabs).
"Left Tabs" provides more on
LBNE
and for beam to Detector at SURF (DUNE/LBNE), Tab 15
a)LBNF/ DUNE info. Left Tabs also include: SURF;
Reactor Experiment; Solar Neutrino Experiment; etc.
Fig. 11: DUNE (previously LBNE) Collaboration members from
BNL (May 2014): Front row (Left to Right):Y. Li, Z. Parsa, M. Diwan, P. Novakova,
D. Jaffe, R. Sharma, C. Zhang, N.Samios; Back row Left to right:
M. Creutz, X. Qian, B. Viren, W. J. Marciano, R. Hackenburg, B. Yu, D. Adams, L. Bignell, E. Worcester, M. Bishai, S. Kettell, M. Potekhin.
Fig. 12: March 4, 2015 Neutrino Workshop Participants at
Brookhaven.
For Larger version of this photo.|Click Here|
Fig. 13: DUNE International Collaboration.
(To view
Youtube: "DUNE -- Who are we" click
|Here|.)
March 2015 -- LBNE (Long Baseline Neutrino Experiment) was changed
to ELBNF (Experiment at the Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility with
source at FNAL). ELBNF/DUNE new spokespersons Andre Rubbia (ETH
Zurich), Mark Thomson (U. of Cambridge, UK), |Click Here| thanked ELBNF/DUNE* collaboration.
Dec 2015 --LBNF (Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility) and DUNEDeep Underground
Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) Conceptual Design Report; Vol 1, DUNE-CDR1-1601.05471.
January 12, 2016--LBNF (Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility) & DUNE (Deep Underground
Neutrino Experiment) Conceptual Design Report Volume 4: |Here|
January 20, 2016 -- For Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) and
Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment CDR Conceptual Design Report
Vol. 1 click
|Here|
April 6, 2016 --Update on status of the 35-ton detector operations.
click |Here|.
May 27, 2016 -- The document describing the
"DUNE Strategy and Plan for 2016 - 2019" document was approved
and is available in docdb-1050.
June 3, 2016 -- E. James wrote: External review of the 35-ton
program designed to identify lessons learned that can be applied to
the ProtoDUNE program, was held two days at Fermilab.
For agenda, documentation and review
|Here|
June 8, 2016 -- Proposal for a
Full-Scale Prototype Single-Phase Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber and
Detector Beam Test at CERN click |Here|
June 17, 2016-- E. James: On Proto DUNE-SP DAQ Team Co-leader.
|Here|
August 11, 2016-- DUNE Collaboration "Status, Management and Organization" |Here|; Management changes|Here|;
Spokespersons are: A. Rubbia and M.Thomson.
Sep. 1, 2016 -- LBNF/DUNE project received an important milestone,
the CD-3a approval from DOE, to begin the work at Sanford Lab
to support the DUNE.
|Here|
Sep. 6, 2016 -- Joint DUNE/LBNF Message - Beamline Update
|Here|
Sep. 12-15, 2016, DUNE Collaboration meeting, to Register |Here|
Sep. 22, 2016-- For ProtoDUNE-SP Detector Organization |Here|
Sep. 28, 2016:--1) Bob Wilson was elected the new DUNE Institute
Board chair.
2) Physics Analysis Updates, E.Worcester, BNL, |Here| and
for
3) Four-Plane proposal for Single-Phase LArTPC, X.Qian,BNL, |Here|
September 30, 2016 -- Far Detector Task Force Preliminary Report |Here|.
October 1, 2016 -- 1) DUNE Near Detector Task Force Report |Here|;
2) E.James: "TDR for the ProtoDUNE-SP effort that will be submitted to
the
CERN SPSC"
|Here|
and double click on "protodune-tdr-30sept".
October 17, 2016 -- Mark Thomson's message |Here|
Nov 3-4,2016-- DAQ Review papers-slides |
Here| ; For: Mark Thomson's |Here|.
Fig. 14: DUNE Collaboration at CERN,
with US & International members, Jan 2017.
Jan 23-27, 2017-- For "DUNE: Status, Plans and Organization" (see page 41)
|Here|;
For Mathew Worcester talk |HERE|;
For All CERN talks click |Here|.
Feb 27, 2017 -- For Long Baseline PWG agenda
on Indico click
|Here|. (This is 1st time Zoom Connection used); For DUNE LBL
PWG Meeting talks
|click| Here.
February 2017 DUNE Monthly Report: click |Here|.
March 3, 2017 -- New DUNE co-Spokesperson is Ed Blucher.
March 27-29, 2017 -- For "DUNE near detector workshop"
|Click Here|.
April 4, 2017 --"The consensus was that DUNE Near Detector system should include both a LAr-TPC and a
high-resolution tracker, e.g. click |Here|.
 
Fig. 15: (Left to Right) DUNE Spokespersons, Ed
Blucher (U Chicago) & M. Thomson (UK); Technical Coordinator: E.James;
& International Project Manager S.Kettell, BNL
Fig. 16: May 2017--DUNE Collaboration at FNAL(larger version
|Here|); Talks Here
June 23, 2017 -- ProtoDUNE-Technical Design Report TDR-1706.07081:
|Here|.
June 26, 2017-- Dual-phase Far Detector Consortia at CERN |Here|
Fig. 17: July 21, 2017 LBNF Groundbreaking |Here|
--one mile beneath Lead, South Dakota, construction began as part of LBNF.
Excavating Crews will excavate four massive caverns that will house
DUNE .
View YouTube
|LBNF Groundbreaking|
Sep 4-7, 2017 -- "Recent developments on Neutrino Physics and
Astrophysics" Workshop to be held at: Gran Sasso National
Laboratory. For Workshop page|Here|.
Sep 20, 2017 -- "UK Science Minister signed the first
UK-US Science&Technology Agreement and the UK commitment
of £65M to DUNE, LBNF and PIP-II |Here|.
Jan 2018 --- "Next DUNE Collaboration meeting", will be posted on |Indico|.
Jan 29 - Feb 2, 2018 --- Neutrino Platform Week, see
List;
e.g.
DUNE:Physics...
March 1, 2018 ---
Fig. 18: (Left to Right) New DUNE Co-Spokesperson Prof. Stefan
Söldner-Rembold,
University of Manchester
and Co-Spokeperson Prof. Ed Blucher, Univ. of Chicago .
March 20 - 22, 2018 --- "DOE Project Review of LBNF - DUNE" at FNAL;
|Here|
Apr 20, 2018 — For Dune Collaboration talks click |Here|.
May 15-18, 2018 — DUNE Collaboration meeting |Click Here|
Fig. 19: May 2018--DUNE Collaboration at FNAL
June 4–9, 2018 --For Neutrino 2018 in Heidelberg |Here|
July 4-11, 2018 -- Seoul |ICHEP|
and |Status of
single&dual phase DUNE proto..|
August 14, 2018 -- |Postdoc Postion at MSU|
and |Faculty/Academic Staff|.
Aug 29-2018 — "Brookhaven National Lab Physicists Deliver Components for Proto-DUNE Detector"|Click Here|;
to view first particle tracks...|Click Here|.
Fig. 20; Proto-DUNE Detector (CERN). For a larger view |Click Here|.
Sep 18, 2018-- "First particle tracks seen in protoDUNE-sp " at
CERN. Progress of ProtoDUNE-SP and ProtoDUNE-DP will be discussed
at the collaboration meeting.
Sept 24 - 28, 2018-- DUNE Collaboration Meeting |Here|.
Jan 22-25, 2019--3rd workshop of the PHYSTAT-nu series, at CERN
|Here|.
6. On Neutrio/DUNE related Youtube:
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